1. 名詞/代詞+分詞(包括現在分詞和過去分詞)：

The boy ran quickly, his father following. (表示伴隨情況)

He lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head. (表示伴隨情況)

2.名詞/代詞+形容詞：

They started home, their minds full of plans for increasing production. (表示伴隨情況)

He was silent for a moment, his lips tight. (表示伴隨情況)

3.名詞/代詞+副詞：

He put on his socks, wrong side out. (表示補充說明)

The war over, all the Chinese people’s volunteers came back to China. (表示補充說明)

4.名詞/代詞+介詞(短語)

She came in, a baby in her arms. (表示伴隨情況)

He went off, gun in hand. (表示伴隨情況)

1.表示時間：

His homework done, Jim decided to go and see the play.

=After his homework was done, he decided to go and see the play.

2.表示原因：

The last bus having gone, we had to walk home.

=Because the last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 

3.表示條件：

Weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.

=If weather permitting, we’ll go for an outing tomorrow.

4.表示伴隨情況或伴隨狀況：

They walked through the forest, an old hunter leading the way.

5.表示補充說明：

He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one being a bedroom and the other being an office.

=He lived in a wooden house with two rooms, one was a bedroom, the other was an office.