高中英語短文改錯最強攻略來啦。果斷收藏！
一、“短文改錯”題中的常見錯誤類型
(一) 名詞方面的錯誤
名詞方面的錯誤多指名詞單復數形式的誤用，可數名詞與不可數名詞的錯誤，名詞所有格中“’s”的誤置等。例如:
1. He had no ideas that the kitchen was not for guests.
2. In summer, the sea under the blue skies is even more beautiful.
3. ... you’ve been settled down in Boston and are getting used to the local ways of life.
4. ... but she marked strictly on student’s actual performance ...
(二) 動詞方面的錯誤
動詞錯誤在短文改錯中所占比重最大，它所涉及的錯誤包括動詞的時態、語態錯誤;易混動詞的用法錯誤;動詞的第三人稱單數錯誤;動詞的非謂語形式，以及動詞的句型搭配錯誤等。在改錯題中，動詞方面的考查比例較大。例如:
1. The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon ...
2. I just want to thank you for helping me becoming a different person.
3. How about join us? The camp is at the foot of a small hill.
4. I’ll send my friend Charlie meet you at the airport.
(三) 形容詞、副詞方面的錯誤
這類錯誤多指誤用形容詞修飾形容詞，誤用副詞修飾名詞，誤用形容詞修飾動詞，誤用形容詞或副詞的原級、比較級和最高級以及誤用帶-ly的副詞與不帶-ly的副詞等，特別注意根據上下文該用比較級而未用的“暗中比較”。例如:
1. They came back lately and had some tea.
2.... you always gave me specially attention ...
3. ... they fly down immediate and catch them without delay.
4. Yes，it is clearly that your life in your country is quite different from ...
5. I know you are particular interested in Human Rights.
6. Last year, my English teacher proved to be the more popular in our school.
(四) 連詞方面的錯誤
短文改錯中出現連詞就要判斷連詞用的是否正確，是否符合句子意思;連接的是詞還是句子，是否符合邏輯關系。此外如果是平行結構就要注意前后時態、語態、詞性一致問題平行結構常借助與并列連詞and, or, but, not only…but also…, …not…but…, either…or…, neither …nor…, as well as等，though不與but連用，because不與so連用等。
1. It started to rise higher again. So it was still too close to the water.
2. I became very active but made new friends.
3. My hometown is a pretty city, so people there are kind and polite.
4. While they find fish come to the surface, they fly down immediately.
5. Both your aunt or I look forward to seeing you again.
(五) 代詞方面的錯誤
這類錯誤主要包括形容詞性物主代詞與名詞性物主代詞的誤用，關系代詞、連接代詞的誤用，代詞主格與代詞賓格的誤用，代詞單數與代詞復數的誤用，各個不定代詞之間的誤用，反身代詞與代詞賓格之間的誤用，代詞的指代錯誤，定語從句中多用代詞等。
1. ... the men threw away most of his clothes to save themselves.
2. a lot of white birds come to my city for food. I can wait patiently above the sea for quite a long ...
3. If he spends most of his time playing about in the way that he used to as a child，they will go hungry.
4. That night, we sat down to what they thought would be a pleasant, uninterrupted ...
5. I just smiled to me and thought ...
6.... your life in your country is quite different from me.
7. Everybody sleeps in tents, that is very exciting.
(六) 介詞方面的錯誤
這類錯誤多指漏掉介詞、多用介詞或介詞與其他詞語搭配的錯誤等。例如:
1. The crowd waiting for to greet them in England was very surprised ...
2. He was looking for a glass the cupboard.
3. After autumn arrives，the city looks as an old man with leaves ...
4. ... he can no longer expect others to pay his food, his clothes ...
5. On the front door stood a five-year-old boy from across the street.
6. Could you share your experience for us?
7. My mother was a career woman and had her own problems to take care.
(七) 冠詞方面的錯誤
這類錯誤多指a(n)與the的誤用，a與an的誤用。有時也表現為:單數可數名詞前面該用冠詞的地方缺少冠詞，不該用冠詞的地方多了冠詞。例如:
1. An American and a Frenchman decided to cross the sea between France and England in the balloon in 1784.
2.... the popular teacher is at same time the one who should be strict with ...
3. And if he breaks the law of society ..., he may go to the prison.
4.... so we will have plenty of spare time to visit the area and have a fun.
(八) 時態、語態方面的錯誤
這類錯誤主要為現在時態與過去時態、主動語態與被動語態的誤用。做題時，應注意把握文中動詞時態的呼應規律，注意把握諸個并列動詞的時態、語態的呼應規律。例如:
1. We had guests last night who have not stayed in a B&B hotel before.
2. Today，I got a letter that said I had been admitting to a college.
3. We hung a sign on the front door that was read: “We’re having dinner ...”
4.... sometimes all that is need is someone to rely on.
5. I’ll send my friend Charlie to meet you at the airport when you arrived.
(九) 主謂一致方面的錯誤
這類錯誤主要指主語是第三人稱單數時，謂語動詞形式的錯誤。因此做題時，要注意謂語動詞的形式要和句子主語在人稱和數上保持一致。例如:
1. “I just want to know what the sign say.”
2. Anyone can borrow books if he or she wish.
3. Here are the information about Manchester University.
4. What may surprise you are that I’m going to ...
(十) 短語、句型固定搭配錯誤
主要考查介詞與動詞、名詞、形容詞的固定搭配;副詞、動詞的固定搭配;及物動詞后多介詞或副詞以及不及物動詞后少介詞，英語中的一些固定句型與習慣搭配等。
1. My teacher advised me to keep my diary. keep a diary是固定搭配，意思是“寫日記”.
2. In my surprise, he did very well in his previous job. To one’s surprise 是固定搭配
3. I thought that was dull to watch a game… 此題考查it的功能，It + be + adj. + to do為固定結構。
二、解題技巧
要想做好“短文改錯”題，不妨試試分成“四步走”，遵循“四原則”，實施“四查法”。具體做法如下:
(一) 分成“四步走”
1. 通讀全文，了解大意。注意語篇結構和行文邏輯。不能在不了解文章大意的情況下，逐字逐行地進行修改。
2. 先易后難，縮小范圍。在通讀全文的過程中，可以先把文中明顯的錯誤找出來改正，然后再根據具體語境，仔細分析判斷，將注意力集中在較難的句子上。
3. 把握句意，逐行判斷。可依據“動詞形，名詞數，注意形和副;非謂動詞細辨別，習慣用法要記住;句子結構多分析，邏輯錯誤須關注”的口訣行事。
4. 再次通讀，復查驗證。把大部分錯誤改正之后，如果還有拿不準的地方，就應再次通讀全文，并利用語感來做最后的判斷。
縱觀近幾年的“短文改錯”題，正確的地方只有一處;多詞和缺詞的地方約有3處;用錯詞的地方一般有6個，且多為動詞。這種比例或許也能幫助你做出最后判斷。
(二) 遵循“四原則”
1. 改動處以最少為原則。“短文改錯”題要求每行只能改動一處，改動的方法可以是增詞、刪詞或換詞，但無論作何種改動，只能是增加一詞、減少一詞或把一個詞改成另一個詞。當然，沒有錯誤的行無需改動。也就是說，每行改動之處不能超過一個。
2. 實詞以改變詞形為原則。在“短文改錯”題中，一般只是改變實詞的形式，而不能改變實詞的詞義，也不能將其改換成另一個實詞，更不能隨便增刪。例如:
① The air keeps the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon ... (把keeps改為keeping)
② Yes, it is clearly that your life in your country is quite different from ... (把clearly改為clear)
3. 虛詞以添加或刪除為原則。歷年的“短文改錯”題中需要添加或刪除的地方差不多有3至4處。這些需要添、刪的詞一般都是虛詞(如冠詞、介詞等)，不是實詞(如動詞、名詞等)，否則會改變句子的原意。例如:
① They did not want breakfast because that they were going out early ... (刪去that)
② He was looking for a glass the cupboard. (the前面加in)
4. 以保持句子原意不變為原則。做“短文改錯”題時，一般不應改變句子原意。改錯時，應該針對短文中的用詞錯誤、語法錯誤、邏輯錯誤加以改正，不應更改作者的原意。做到換詞不改意，加詞不增意，去詞不減意。如有多種改法，應以保持原意為條件，擇其佳者而從之。例如：
But I have spent most my money, so I cannot… 改正：在my前加of。也有同學去掉most，這種改法雖改正了語法錯誤，但改變了原意。作者想說的是“花掉了大部分的錢，而不是全部”。
(三) 實施“四查法”
1. 左顧右盼查名詞。考生應注意搜尋名詞之前及其本身出現的錯誤，還要看該名詞前面是否缺限定詞、該用何種限定詞，尤其要查名詞前冠詞的使用情況。當名詞前面有形容詞修飾時更要加倍注意。例如: Your knowledges of Greece can help the whole class. (把knowledges改為knowledge)
2. “語(態)”、“時(態)”俱進查動詞。考生應認真分析動詞時態、語態的使用是否正確，尤其要根據上下文所提供的時間信息，仔細推敲，從而選用正確的動詞時態形式。例如:
(2006天津) I gained so much confidence that I go back to school ... (把go改為went)
3. 啟承轉合查連詞。若要使文章結構嚴謹，應在文中使用各種啟承轉合的連詞。這些連詞能使文章在結構上和意義上通順流暢。例如:
It started to rise higher again. So it was still too close to the water. (把So改為But)
4. 文通理順查邏輯。“文通”指行文合乎英文詞法、句法;“理順”指行文邏輯符合人們普遍認可的道理。例如: (NMET 2006) The air keeping the balloon up was escaping quickly and the balloon was coming up. (把第二個up改為down)
總之，要想做好“短文改錯”題，除了掌握上面講的原則、做法、步驟之外，平時還要加強語言基礎知識的學習，多做有針對性的訓練。
下一篇：英語閱讀“猜詞義”技巧